在本文章教學中,我們將演示如何檢視 Git 儲存庫的檔案和提交檔案記錄,並對儲存庫中的檔案作修改和提交。
注意:在開始學習本教學之前,先克隆一個儲存庫,有關如何克隆儲存庫,請參考: /6/67/2091.html
執行克隆操作,並得到了一個新的檔案:main.py
。想知道誰將這個檔案修改變提交到儲存庫中,那麼可以執行git log
命令,為了更好的演示,開發人員minsu
另外一台機(Ubuntu Linux)上,使用以下命令克隆 -
yiibai@ubuntu:~$ cd /home/yiibai/git
yiibai@ubuntu:~/git$ git clone http://git.oschina.net/yiibai/sample.git
Cloning into 'sample'...
remote: Counting objects: 15, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (14/14), done.
remote: Total 15 (delta 3), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (15/15), done.
Checking connectivity... done.
yiibai@ubuntu:~/git$
克隆操作將在當前工作目錄中建立一個新的目錄(sample
)。 將目錄更改(cd /home/yiibai/git/sample
)為新建立的目錄,並執行git log
命令。
yiibai@ubuntu:~/git$ cd /home/yiibai/git/sample
yiibai@ubuntu:~/git/sample$ git log
commit 51de0f02eb48ed6b84a732512f230028d866b1ea
Author: your_name <[email protected]>
Date: Fri Jul 7 23:04:16 2017 +0800
add the sum of a & b
commit be24e214620fa072efa877e1967571731c465884
Author: your_name <[email protected]>
Date: Fri Jul 7 18:58:16 2017 +0800
??????mark
commit 5eccf92e28eae94ec5fce7c687f6f92bf32a6a8d
Author: your_name <[email protected]>
Date: Fri Jul 7 18:52:06 2017 +0800
this is main.py file commit mark use -m option
commit 6e5f31067466795c522b01692871f202c26ff948
Author: your_name <[email protected]>
Date: Fri Jul 7 18:42:43 2017 +0800
this is main.py file commit mark without use "-m" option
commit 290342c270bc90f861ccc3d83afa920169e3b07e
Author: Maxsu <[email protected]>
Date: Fri Jul 7 16:55:12 2017 +0800
Initial commit
yiibai@ubuntu:~/git/sample$
觀察紀錄檔後,可以看到maxsu
新增了檔案程式碼來實現兩個變數a
和b
之和,現在假設minsu
在文字編輯器中開啟main.py
,並修改優化程式碼。在示兩個變數a
和b
之和,定義一個函式來實現兩個變數之和。修改後,程式碼如下所示:
#!/usr/bin/python3
#coding=utf-8
a = 10
b = 20
def sum(a, b):
return (a+b)
c = sum(a, b)
print("The value of c is ", c)
使用 git diff
命令檢視更改,如下所示 -
yiibai@ubuntu:~/git/sample$ git diff
diff --git a/main.py b/main.py
index 25eb22b..e84460d 100644
--- a/main.py
+++ b/main.py
@@ -7,5 +7,9 @@ print ("Life is short, you need Python !")
a = 10
b = 20
-c = a + b
-print("The value of c is ", c)
\ No newline at end of file
+
+def sum(a, b):
+ return (a+b)
+
+c = sum(a, b)
+print("The value of c is ", c)
yiibai@ubuntu:~/git/sample$
經過測試,程式碼沒有問題,提交了上面的更改。
yiibai@ubuntu:~/git/sample$ git status
On branch master
Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'.
Changes not staged for commit:
(use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
(use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
modified: main.py
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
yiibai@ubuntu:~/git/sample$ git add main.py
yiibai@ubuntu:~/git/sample$ git commit -m "add a new function sum(a,b)"
[master 01c5462] add a new function sum(a,b)
1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
yiibai@ubuntu:~/git/sample$
再次檢視提交記錄資訊 -
yiibai@ubuntu:~/git/sample$ git log
commit 01c54624879782e4657dd6c166ce8818f19e8251
Author: minsu <[email protected]>
Date: Sun Jul 9 19:01:00 2017 -0700
add a new function sum(a,b)
commit 51de0f02eb48ed6b84a732512f230028d866b1ea
Author: your_name <[email protected]>
Date: Fri Jul 7 23:04:16 2017 +0800
add the sum of a & b
....
經過上面新增和提交修改後,其它開發人員並不能看到程式碼中定義的 sum(a, b)
函式,還需要將這裡提交的原生代碼推播到遠端儲存庫。使用以下命令 -
yiibai@ubuntu:~/git/sample$ git push origin master
Username for 'http://git.oschina.net': [email protected]
Password for 'http://[email protected]@git.oschina.net':<你的帳號的密碼>
Counting objects: 3, done.
Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 419 bytes | 0 bytes/s, done.
Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
To http://git.oschina.net/yiibai/sample.git
51de0f0..01c5462 master -> master
yiibai@ubuntu:~/git/sample$
現在,程式碼已經成功提交到遠端儲存庫中了,只要其它開發人員使用 git clone
或 git pull
就可以得到這些新提交的程式碼了。
下面我們將學習其它一些更為常用的 git
命令,經過下面的學習,你就可以使用這些基本的git
操作命令來檔案和程式碼管理和協同開發了。
在開發人員B(minsu
)修改檔案main.py
中的程式碼的同時,開發人員A(maxsu
)在檔案main.py
中實現兩個變數的乘積函式。 修改後,main.py
檔案如下所示:
#!/usr/bin/python3
#coding=utf-8
print ("Life is short, you need Python !")
a = 10
b = 20
c = a + b
print("The value of c is ", c)
def mul(a, b):
return (a * b)
現在修改完程式碼,執行以下命令 -
$ git diff
得到如下結果 -
現在新增並提交上面的程式碼 -
$ git status
On branch master
Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/master'.
Changes not staged for commit:
(use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
(use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
modified: main.py
no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
$ git add main.py
Administrator@MY-PC /D/worksp/sample (master)
$ git commit -m "add a mul(a, b) function"
[master e5f8dfa] add a mul(a, b) function
1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
現在檢視上提交的紀錄檔資訊,如下結果 -
$ git log
commit e5f8dfa9e7e89fea8813ab107e14b9b7412df2ae
Author: your_name <[email protected]>
Date: Sun Jul 9 23:06:32 2017 +0800
add a mul(a, b) function
commit 51de0f02eb48ed6b84a732512f230028d866b1ea
Author: your_name <[email protected]>
Date: Fri Jul 7 23:04:16 2017 +0800
add the sum of a & b
... ...
好了,現在要將上面的程式碼推播到遠端儲存庫,使用以下命令 -
$ git push origin master
執行上面命令,結果如下 -
$ git push origin master
Username for 'http://git.oschina.net': [email protected]
Password for 'http://[email protected]@git.oschina.net':
To http://git.oschina.net/yiibai/sample.git
! [rejected] master -> master (fetch first)
error: failed to push some refs to 'http://git.oschina.net/yiibai/sample.git'
hint: Updates were rejected because the remote contains work that you do
hint: not have locally. This is usually caused by another repository pushing
hint: to the same ref. You may want to first integrate the remote changes
hint: (e.g., 'git pull ...') before pushing again.
hint: See the 'Note about fast-forwards' in 'git push --help' for details.
但Git推播失敗。因為Git確定遠端儲存庫和本地儲存庫不同步。為什麼呢?因為在向檔案main.py
新增以下程式碼片段時 -
def mul(a, b):
return (a * b)
另外一個開發人員B已經向遠端儲存庫推播修改的程式碼,所以這裡在向遠端儲存庫推播程式碼時,發現上面的新的推播程式碼,現在這個要推播的程式碼與遠端儲存庫中的程式碼不一致,如果強行推播上去,Git不知道應該以誰的為準了。
所以,必須先更新本地儲存庫,只有在經過此步驟之後,才能推播自己的改變。
執行git pull
命令以將其本地儲存庫與遠端儲存庫同步。
$ git pull
remote: Counting objects: 3, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
remote: Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done.
From http://git.oschina.net/yiibai/sample
51de0f0..01c5462 master -> origin/master
Auto-merging main.py
CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in main.py
Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.
現在開啟 main.py
內容如下 -
#!/usr/bin/python3
#coding=utf-8
print ("Life is short, you need Python !")
a = 10
b = 20
<<<<<<< HEAD
c = a + b
print("The value of c is ", c)
def mul(a, b):
return (a * b)
=======
def sum(a, b):
return (a+b)
c = sum(a, b)
print("The value of c is ", c)
>>>>>>> 01c54624879782e4657dd6c166ce8818f19e8251
拉取操作後,檢查紀錄檔訊息,並行現其它開發人員的提交的詳細資訊,提交ID為:01c54624879782e4657dd6c166ce8818f19e8251
開啟 main.py
檔案,修改其中的程式碼,修改完成後保檔案,檔案的程式碼如下所示 -
#!/usr/bin/python3
#coding=utf-8
print ("Life is short, you need Python !")
a = 10
b = 20
c = a + b
print("The value of c is ", c)
def mul(a, b):
return (a * b)
def sum(a, b):
return (a+b)
c = sum(a, b)
print("The value of c is ", c)
再次新增提交,最後推播,如下命令 -
$ git add main.py
Administrator@MY-PC /D/worksp/sample (master|MERGING)
$ git commit -m "synchronized with the remote repository "
[master ef07ab5] synchronized with the remote repository
Administrator@MY-PC /D/worksp/sample (master)
$ git status
On branch master
Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 2 commits.
(use "git push" to publish your local commits)
nothing to commit, working directory clean
Administrator@MY-PC /D/worksp/sample (master)
$ git push origin master
Username for 'http://git.oschina.net': [email protected]
Password for 'http://[email protected]@git.oschina.net':
Counting objects: 10, done.
Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (6/6), done.
Writing objects: 100% (6/6), 657 bytes | 0 bytes/s, done.
Total 6 (delta 2), reused 0 (delta 0)
To http://git.oschina.net/yiibai/sample.git
01c5462..ef07ab5 master -> master
現在,一個新的程式碼又提交並推播到遠端儲存庫中了。